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    Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

    Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

    Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

    Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

    Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

    Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

    Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

    Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

    How the Scottish MPs voted in the assisted dying debate

    How the Scottish MPs voted in the assisted dying debate

    Former Labour MP calls for party to ditch ‘rigged’ voting system

    Former Labour MP calls for party to ditch ‘rigged’ voting system

    Labour’s £14bn ‘fixation’ with new nuclear power ‘won’t cut bills or help climate’

    Labour’s £14bn ‘fixation’ with new nuclear power ‘won’t cut bills or help climate’

    SNP rebels plot to oust John Swinney as party leader after Hamilton by-election loss

    SNP rebels plot to oust John Swinney as party leader after Hamilton by-election loss

    Anas Sarwar should not expect to oust John Swinney yet, says polling guru

    Anas Sarwar should not expect to oust John Swinney yet, says polling guru

    Keir Starmer says he will not support a second independence referendum as Prime Minister

    Keir Starmer says he will not support a second independence referendum as Prime Minister

    Angela Rayner accuses Reform of ‘politics of hatred’ as she insists Labour can win bitter Holyrood by-election

    Angela Rayner accuses Reform of ‘politics of hatred’ as she insists Labour can win bitter Holyrood by-election

    SNP complain about Reform’s ‘race-baiting’ advert on Scottish Labour leader Anas Sarwar

    SNP complain about Reform’s ‘race-baiting’ advert on Scottish Labour leader Anas Sarwar

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      What is a virtual office and why you need one in Central London – Your Company Formations Ltd

      Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

      Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

      Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

      Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

      Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

      Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

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      Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

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      Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

      Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

      Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

      Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

      Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

      Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

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      Ange Postecoglou to LAFC has direct Celtic link as MLS heavy hitters plot ambitious manager move

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      The Rangers transfers Russell Martin needs revealed as AEK set Dessers deadline and Shankland a no-brainer

      Celtic on brink of four new signings as Benjamin Nygren lands staggering transfer claim and Balikwisha stays cool

      Celtic on brink of four new signings as Benjamin Nygren lands staggering transfer claim and Balikwisha stays cool

      I see cracks in Celtic with transfer fears over four starters so maybe this Rangers claim is a myth – Hugh Keevins

      I see cracks in Celtic with transfer fears over four starters so maybe this Rangers claim is a myth – Hugh Keevins

      Punters dramatically lose faith in Rory McIlroy in wake of his astonishingly honest US Open confession

      Punters dramatically lose faith in Rory McIlroy in wake of his astonishingly honest US Open confession

      ‘I still always visit Sir Alex Ferguson’s house – even though he branded me a Big Time Charlie’

      ‘I still always visit Sir Alex Ferguson’s house – even though he branded me a Big Time Charlie’

      The £17m reason Celtic won’t sit still this transfer window as Brendan Rodgers learns painful lesson

      The £17m reason Celtic won’t sit still this transfer window as Brendan Rodgers learns painful lesson

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      Rangers placed on Vaclav Cerny red alert over Wolfsburg ‘fire sale’ as Cyriel Dessers makes transfer stance clear

      Mathias Kvistgaarden waves Brondby farewell but Celtic hit with transfer blow as boss throws spanner in works

      Mathias Kvistgaarden waves Brondby farewell but Celtic hit with transfer blow as boss throws spanner in works

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        Argos offers free QLED TVs with one simple deal – how to get yours today

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        People on highest PIP could see payments rise to nearly £800 each month from next April

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        Home Bargains’ ‘soft’ £30 coat looks ‘just like’ £175 Dryrobe version

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        Amazon’s most wished for sun lounger drops below £90 ahead of Prime Day

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        Former DWP employee warns of two-tier State Pension payments for older people

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        Dozens of UK holidaymakers fall ill after five-star ‘holiday from hell’

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        Lecturer struck off after falling asleep, playing on his phone and describing students as ‘d*** heads’

        Lecturer struck off after falling asleep, playing on his phone and describing students as ‘d*** heads’

        Teacher who drank alcohol in ‘mini-rave’ lesson and swore at pupils is struck off

        Teacher who drank alcohol in ‘mini-rave’ lesson and swore at pupils is struck off

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        Pupil referral unit that takes children kicked out of school gets flawless Estyn report

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        Exam bosses accused of ‘patronising’ Wales and students in Welsh GCSE paper

        Cardiff University ‘has no God given right to exist’ bosses say

        Cardiff University ‘has no God given right to exist’ bosses say

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        Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

        Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

        Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

        Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

        Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

        Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

        Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

        Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

        How the Scottish MPs voted in the assisted dying debate

        How the Scottish MPs voted in the assisted dying debate

        Former Labour MP calls for party to ditch ‘rigged’ voting system

        Former Labour MP calls for party to ditch ‘rigged’ voting system

        Labour’s £14bn ‘fixation’ with new nuclear power ‘won’t cut bills or help climate’

        Labour’s £14bn ‘fixation’ with new nuclear power ‘won’t cut bills or help climate’

        SNP rebels plot to oust John Swinney as party leader after Hamilton by-election loss

        SNP rebels plot to oust John Swinney as party leader after Hamilton by-election loss

        Anas Sarwar should not expect to oust John Swinney yet, says polling guru

        Anas Sarwar should not expect to oust John Swinney yet, says polling guru

        Keir Starmer says he will not support a second independence referendum as Prime Minister

        Keir Starmer says he will not support a second independence referendum as Prime Minister

        Angela Rayner accuses Reform of ‘politics of hatred’ as she insists Labour can win bitter Holyrood by-election

        Angela Rayner accuses Reform of ‘politics of hatred’ as she insists Labour can win bitter Holyrood by-election

        SNP complain about Reform’s ‘race-baiting’ advert on Scottish Labour leader Anas Sarwar

        SNP complain about Reform’s ‘race-baiting’ advert on Scottish Labour leader Anas Sarwar

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        • Business

          Salesforce boss Marc Benioff joins Weev.

          What is a virtual office and why you need one in Central London – Your Company Formations Ltd

          What is a virtual office and why you need one in Central London – Your Company Formations Ltd

          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

        • Sports
          Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

          Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

          Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

          Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

          Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

          Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

          Ange Postecoglou to LAFC has direct Celtic link as MLS heavy hitters plot ambitious manager move

          Ange Postecoglou to LAFC has direct Celtic link as MLS heavy hitters plot ambitious manager move

          The Rangers transfers Russell Martin needs revealed as AEK set Dessers deadline and Shankland a no-brainer

          The Rangers transfers Russell Martin needs revealed as AEK set Dessers deadline and Shankland a no-brainer

          Celtic on brink of four new signings as Benjamin Nygren lands staggering transfer claim and Balikwisha stays cool

          Celtic on brink of four new signings as Benjamin Nygren lands staggering transfer claim and Balikwisha stays cool

          I see cracks in Celtic with transfer fears over four starters so maybe this Rangers claim is a myth – Hugh Keevins

          I see cracks in Celtic with transfer fears over four starters so maybe this Rangers claim is a myth – Hugh Keevins

          Punters dramatically lose faith in Rory McIlroy in wake of his astonishingly honest US Open confession

          Punters dramatically lose faith in Rory McIlroy in wake of his astonishingly honest US Open confession

          ‘I still always visit Sir Alex Ferguson’s house – even though he branded me a Big Time Charlie’

          ‘I still always visit Sir Alex Ferguson’s house – even though he branded me a Big Time Charlie’

          The £17m reason Celtic won’t sit still this transfer window as Brendan Rodgers learns painful lesson

          The £17m reason Celtic won’t sit still this transfer window as Brendan Rodgers learns painful lesson

          Rangers placed on Vaclav Cerny red alert over Wolfsburg ‘fire sale’ as Cyriel Dessers makes transfer stance clear

          Rangers placed on Vaclav Cerny red alert over Wolfsburg ‘fire sale’ as Cyriel Dessers makes transfer stance clear

          Mathias Kvistgaarden waves Brondby farewell but Celtic hit with transfer blow as boss throws spanner in works

          Mathias Kvistgaarden waves Brondby farewell but Celtic hit with transfer blow as boss throws spanner in works

          Trending Tags

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            ‘Classy’ smartwatch that ‘performs as well as expensive brands’ now £50 in Amazon Prime deal

            ‘Classy’ smartwatch that ‘performs as well as expensive brands’ now £50 in Amazon Prime deal

            Argos offers free QLED TVs with one simple deal – how to get yours today

            Argos offers free QLED TVs with one simple deal – how to get yours today

            Everyone to get mobile phone alert as sirens sound for 10 seconds

            Everyone to get mobile phone alert as sirens sound for 10 seconds

            Lenovo IdeaPad laptop praised for everyday use and affordable price

            Lenovo IdeaPad laptop praised for everyday use and affordable price

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            EE unveils huge new discount on JBL Flip 7 Wireless Bluetooth Speaker but you must act quick

          • Health
            Clinical microbiologist issues warning over hidden ‘droppings’ in bed sheets

            Clinical microbiologist issues warning over hidden ‘droppings’ in bed sheets

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            Scientists just found a sugar switch that ‘protects your brain from Alzheimer’s’

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            Brain dead pregnant woman’s family issue update after baby cut from her body

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            French chef shares ‘simplest ever’ one pot cake recipe ready in under an hour

            TikTok skin care routines ‘harmful’ and ‘problematic’ scientists discover in new study

            TikTok skin care routines ‘harmful’ and ‘problematic’ scientists discover in new study

          • Entertainment
            People on highest PIP could see payments rise to nearly £800 each month from next April

            People on highest PIP could see payments rise to nearly £800 each month from next April

            Home Bargains’ ‘soft’ £30 coat looks ‘just like’ £175 Dryrobe version

            Home Bargains’ ‘soft’ £30 coat looks ‘just like’ £175 Dryrobe version

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            Amazon’s most wished for sun lounger drops below £90 ahead of Prime Day

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            Former DWP employee warns of two-tier State Pension payments for older people

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            Dozens of UK holidaymakers fall ill after five-star ‘holiday from hell’

          • Life Style
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            Lecturer struck off after falling asleep, playing on his phone and describing students as ‘d*** heads’

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            Teacher who drank alcohol in ‘mini-rave’ lesson and swore at pupils is struck off

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            Pupil referral unit that takes children kicked out of school gets flawless Estyn report

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            Exam bosses accused of ‘patronising’ Wales and students in Welsh GCSE paper

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            Cardiff University ‘has no God given right to exist’ bosses say

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          A 600-year-old coral shows us how the Pacific Ocean has changed since 1370

          by BP Author
          August 15, 2024
          in World
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          A single coral in Fiji that is more than 600 years old has recorded how Pacific Ocean temperatures have varied during its long life.

          Scientists know the Pacific has generally been getting warmer over the centuries, with marine heatwaves and widespread coral bleaching in recent years due to anthropogenic climate change. But there are thought to have been cooler and warmer years – and even decades – along the way. Of course, it’s hard to know much about this variability, since there are very few continuous records that stretch back hundreds of years.

          Our research, now published in Science Advances, helps fill in these gaps. We used a sample from a single, huge Diploastrea heliopora coral, sometimes known as a honeycomb coral. This unusually old specimen was discovered in 1998 and scientists collected a sample from it by drilling into it. We have now analysed this sample using modern scientific techniques.

          We combined this long coral record with that from other corals in the Fijian archipelago to construct a master chronology of temperature in Fijian waters. For the period since the 1990s, we have plenty of data from weather buoys, satellites and other instruments to combine with this.

          This means the coral record technically runs for 627 years, and can tell us what the sea temperature was around Fiji between the years 1370 and 1997. It’s the longest continuous temperature record of its type from anywhere in the tropical ocean.

          A large coral

          This coral contains six centuries of environmental history.
          Joel Orempuller (IRD)

          Coral can be a window into the past

          Massive corals can live for many years, continuously forming a skeleton of calcium carbonate which accrues in layers on top of the old skeleton. The living part of the coral only occupies the very top few millimetres. As new layers are added, the old skeleton is vacated by the coral, leaving a record of past conditions.

          In particular, we looked for the ratio of two elements found in the coral skeleton: strontium and calcium, which act as a proxy for seawater temperature. When there is less strontium relative to calcium built into coral skeletons, it means the water was warm when the coral was alive, and vice versa. We analysed these elements using mass spectrometry machines which quantify the elemental composition of materials at even very low concentrations.

          Past temperature data from the coral shows how climate patterns such as the interdecadal Pacific oscillation have evolved over centuries, offering crucial context for understanding present and future trends in the climate.

          The Pacific Ocean is a major driver of climate variability across the world. Most famously, this involves the Pacific shifting from an El Niño to a La Niña state every few years, when temperature changes in the ocean lead to major shifts in rainfall and the development of cyclones. Yet even this cycle is kept in check by the interdecadal oscillation, which involves a shift in temperatures between the northern, southern and tropical Pacific every 15 to 30 years.

          Modern warming in context

          Giant boulder corals can hold centuries-old stories within their growth histories or the chemical composition of their skeletons. For instance, the coral indicates there was a notable warm period between 1370 and 1553, when the sea around Fiji was almost as hot as it is today. This emphasises how the Pacific climate system varies naturally.

          However, we can combine our coral with other paleoceanographic records from across the Pacific to get the bigger picture. When we do this, we find that the Pacific-wide warming over the past century, largely attributed to human-caused global warming, marks a significant departure from the natural variability recorded in earlier centuries.

          While some parts of the Pacific were once warmer while others had a cooler decade or two, and vice versa, that relationship is breaking down. Warming has become increasingly synchronised across the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean.

          Open ocean.
          All regions of Earth’s largest ocean appear to be getting hotter.
          Andre T/Shutterstock

          This in turn means big shifts in rainfall and drought and flood cycles, since rain is often generated by water vapour being evaporated over warmer seas.

          But this warming, characterised by a relatively small difference in ocean temperatures across the Pacific, is not typical of the past six centuries. This suggests that the warming Pacific since the start of the 20th century may be leading to unprecedented changes in the interdecadal oscillation.

          Implications for the future climate

          Understanding the long-term behaviour of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation is crucial for predicting future climate changes.

          Recently, another study on corals in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef and the Coral Sea that surrounds it showed that reef temperatures during five recent coral bleaching events were the highest over the past 407 years. The world’s biggest reef is in grave danger.




          Read more:
          ‘Wake-up call to humanity’: research shows the Great Barrier Reef is the hottest it’s been in 400 years


          Our own work shows the ocean around Fiji is the hottest it has been in at least the past 653 years. These changes could lead to more extreme weather, such as prolonged droughts or more intense tropical cyclones, with significant implications for the millions of people living in the region.

          Our study shows why long lived massive corals are so important as archives of past climate changes, yet their future is being jeopardised by ocean warming. Preserving these giant corals is vital.



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