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    Scots selling counterfeit goods less likely to face prosecution as conviction rate plummets

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    Librarian cuts at Glasgow schools will ‘rob kids of opportunities’ as SNP Government urged to intervene

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    Nicola Sturgeon agrees to TV special as ex-SNP leader to be grilled on ‘striking revelations’ in new book

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    Donald Trump diary reveals exact time he will arrive in Scotland

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    System must work to protect public as report finds chances missed with Southport killer

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    NHS in Scotland ‘stuck in analogue age’ as health boards shell out millions on pagers

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    Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

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    Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

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    Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

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    Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

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      Celtic risk blowing £1.6m transfer windfall as defensive duo head out on loan – Parkhead news bulletin

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      Rangers strongest XI for Panathinaikos as Thelo Aasgaard injury blow opens door for Euro history-maker

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      Celtic could ‘renew interest’ in Evan Ferguson as transfer hijack follows Yamada hint and Ambrosino U turn

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      Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

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      Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

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      Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

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        People on highest PIP could see payments rise to nearly £800 each month from next April

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        Of the 67 paramedics trained in Wales this year, only 20 have been given jobs

        Of the 67 paramedics trained in Wales this year, only 20 have been given jobs

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        Lecturer struck off after falling asleep, playing on his phone and describing students as ‘d*** heads’

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        Scots selling counterfeit goods less likely to face prosecution as conviction rate plummets

        Scots selling counterfeit goods less likely to face prosecution as conviction rate plummets

        Librarian cuts at Glasgow schools will ‘rob kids of opportunities’ as SNP Government urged to intervene

        Librarian cuts at Glasgow schools will ‘rob kids of opportunities’ as SNP Government urged to intervene

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        Nicola Sturgeon agrees to TV special as ex-SNP leader to be grilled on ‘striking revelations’ in new book

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        Donald Trump diary reveals exact time he will arrive in Scotland

        Scots ‘forced to wait years’ for hernia operations as NHS struggles to meet demand

        Scots ‘forced to wait years’ for hernia operations as NHS struggles to meet demand

        System must work to protect public as report finds chances missed with Southport killer

        System must work to protect public as report finds chances missed with Southport killer

        NHS in Scotland ‘stuck in analogue age’ as health boards shell out millions on pagers

        NHS in Scotland ‘stuck in analogue age’ as health boards shell out millions on pagers

        Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

        Scottish Labour MP to vote against welfare reforms despite Keir Starmer climbdown

        Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

        Buy British buses to save 400 Scottish jobs at Alexander Dennis, says MP

        Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

        Scots fear crime is rising in their local area as SNP Government accused of ‘hollowing out’ police

        Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

        Senior member of Anas Sarwar’s shadow cabinet ‘opposed’ to Labour welfare cuts bill

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          What is a virtual office and why you need one in Central London – Your Company Formations Ltd

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          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

        • Sports
          Lyall Cameron slammed for ‘disrespect’ as Rangers new boy comes under fire for Dundee ‘jibes’

          Lyall Cameron slammed for ‘disrespect’ as Rangers new boy comes under fire for Dundee ‘jibes’

          Celtic risk blowing £1.6m transfer windfall as defensive duo head out on loan – Parkhead news bulletin

          Celtic risk blowing £1.6m transfer windfall as defensive duo head out on loan – Parkhead news bulletin

          Prince William’s firm five-word statement to Chloe Kelly about Euros goal uncovered by lip reader

          Prince William’s firm five-word statement to Chloe Kelly about Euros goal uncovered by lip reader

          Kieran Tierney genius exposes ‘sloppy’ Ajax as Celtic earn rival acclaim despite Como Cup hammering

          Kieran Tierney genius exposes ‘sloppy’ Ajax as Celtic earn rival acclaim despite Como Cup hammering

          Andrej Bacanin makes Celtic transfer intentions clear amid Rangers claim as direct link with Lennon Miller emerges

          Andrej Bacanin makes Celtic transfer intentions clear amid Rangers claim as direct link with Lennon Miller emerges

          Rangers strongest XI for Panathinaikos as Thelo Aasgaard injury blow opens door for Euro history-maker

          Rangers strongest XI for Panathinaikos as Thelo Aasgaard injury blow opens door for Euro history-maker

          Celtic could ‘renew interest’ in Evan Ferguson as transfer hijack follows Yamada hint and Ambrosino U turn

          Celtic could ‘renew interest’ in Evan Ferguson as transfer hijack follows Yamada hint and Ambrosino U turn

          Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

          Exact cost of Rangers injury crisis revealed as payments to crocked stars double that of Celtic

          Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

          Conor Coady in Diogo Jota tribute as old Wolves pal celebrates an ‘incredible person’

          Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

          Brendan Rodgers described me as huge Celtic coup after 24 clubs wanted me – now I have retired aged just 28

          Ange Postecoglou to LAFC has direct Celtic link as MLS heavy hitters plot ambitious manager move

          Ange Postecoglou to LAFC has direct Celtic link as MLS heavy hitters plot ambitious manager move

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          The Rangers transfers Russell Martin needs revealed as AEK set Dessers deadline and Shankland a no-brainer

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            Tech fans rush to buy £30 Acer Chromebook tablet that is ‘perfect for work and play’

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            Apple fans rush to buy MacBook for only £99 after 54% price slash

            Lego Game Boy unveiled with pre-orders now live – but some point out ‘disappointing’ flaw

            Lego Game Boy unveiled with pre-orders now live – but some point out ‘disappointing’ flaw

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            Panasonic dishes out £100 takeaway vouchers and 15% off ‘first class’ OLED TVs

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            ‘Classy’ smartwatch that ‘performs as well as expensive brands’ now £50 in Amazon Prime deal

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            Nicotine pouches packaged like kid’s sweets sold in Glasgow shop

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            Tesco recalls popular beauty and skincare product over nasty infection risk

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            ‘I used old-fashioned method to lose 4stone after microwave incident’

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            Donald Trump medical condition diagnosed as US President suffers swollen legs

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            Clinical microbiologist issues warning over hidden ‘droppings’ in bed sheets

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            Sainsbury’s ‘gorgeous’ £25 jacket shoppers say is ‘good for all weather’

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            Tesco shoppers ‘run’ to stores for ‘gorgeous’ £29.50 cardigan

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            Former DWP employee urges all parents to claim Child Benefit to boost State Pension payments

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            People on highest PIP could see payments rise to nearly £800 each month from next April

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            Of the 67 paramedics trained in Wales this year, only 20 have been given jobs

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            Lecturer struck off after falling asleep, playing on his phone and describing students as ‘d*** heads’

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          what chemical weapons is Russia accused of using and why?

          by BP Author
          December 18, 2024
          in World
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          An arrest has reportedly been made after the killing of Igor Kirillov, a Russian general, in Moscow on December 17. Kirillov was the commander of Russia’s Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Forces, and is thought to be the most senior military figure assassinated in Russia since the country invaded Ukraine nearly three years ago.

          Ukrainia’s SBU security services have claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that Kirillov was “responsible for the mass use of banned chemical weapons”. As a war criminal he was a legitimate target and had been named in a trial in absentia, the SBU said.

          Russia’s security service released a statement saying it had detained a 29-year-old man from Uzbekistan. It added that while under “interrogation he explained that he was recruited by the Ukrainian special services”.

          The issue of Russia’s alleged use of chemical weapons in Ukraine was put firmly on the international agenda in May 2024, when the US imposed new sanctions on Russia, accusing it of resorting to the use of tear gas and chloropicrin, an odourless toxic irritant, on the battlefield in Ukraine.

          However, there have been unconfirmed reports of chemical weapons being used by Russian forces along the frontlines since as early as April 2022. If accurate, this would suggest the use of chemicals did not arise simply out of a need by the invading forces to fill gaps in the supply of conventional munitions to the battlefield.

          Chemical weapons have been outlawed for nearly a century, since the Geneva protocol of 1925. The existing chemical weapons convention (1993/1997) is one of the most successful pieces of international law, certainly in terms of geographical reach. Only four UN-recognised states have not ratified the treaty, making it nearly universal.

          Unlike other weapons treaties, the convention not only outlaws the use of chemical weapons, but also their production and development. This makes the prohibition absolute: these substances are not to be used to cause harm to humans in warfare. This prohibition applies to extremely lethal nerve agents and non-lethal tear gas alike.

          The Assad regime’s use of chemical weapons against its own population during the Syrian civil war also shows the strength of world reaction in favour of prohibition against their use. In August 2013, credible reports emerged that Syrian government forces had bombarded civilians in the opposition-controlled Damascus suburbs of east and west Ghouta, using sarin or a similar weapons-grade nerve agent.

          The attacks received huge condemnation in the international media and led to the only direct military interventions by western countries against the Assad regime.

          Use in Ukraine

          In November 2024, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons confirmed the presence of CS gas (tear gas) in samples collected in trenches in the Dnipropetrovsk region of eastern Ukraine. The substances appear to have been delivered either by grenades or by drones.

          The effect of such attacks largely depends on whether the targets are expecting them. Tear gas and more toxic chemicals, such as chloropicrin, are far more effective against unsuspecting and unprepared targets than against a well-equipped professional army.

          In the first case, it causes painful irritation to the eyes, lungs and skin, and can even cause incapacitation by inducing bouts of vomiting. This effectively leaves targeted sections in frontlines undefended. Fleeing soldiers are vulnerable.

          For well-trained and protected troops, chloropicrin is more likely to cause mild irritation. However, the effects of this should not be underestimated: protective equipment limits movement, and the threat of gas continues to be psychologically taxing. It also causes an additional strain on medical services and puts more pressure on rotating troops.

          The use of various chemical substances has been reported at various locations in eastern and southern Ukraine, including Bakhmut, Mariupol and Donetsk.

          While the alleged use of chemical weapons by Russia may have resulted in short-term tactical advantages, it’s unlikely they would have caused cause significant shifts in the position of the frontlines.

          Sending a message

          But the use of chemical weapons is also a message that signals a willingness to transgress – not just international law, but also international norms. It’s a very nuanced process.

          At no point have Russian officials denied that use of chemical weapons is both illegal and immoral. In fact, when accused of using them, it has issued strong denials and turned the accusations against Ukraine.

          Russian security personnel with Kirillov's body after the shooting.
          Crime scene: Russian security personnel with Kirillov’s body after the shooting.
          EPA-EFE/Yuri Kochetkov

          But in their use, a message of defiance emerges. In Russia’s case, it would be a confirmation of Putin’s willingness to defy the idea of an international rule-based order. This has effects beyond the battlefield, provoking fear in Ukrainian defenders but also challenging Ukraine’s own commitment to play by the rules.

          When debating whether Russia would stoop to the use of chemical agents, it’s important to remember that this is not the first time that Russia has allegedly done so in the 21st century.

          In March 2018, the former Russian intelligence officer Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were the targets of an attack using the nerve agent novichok in Salisbury in south-west England. And in 2021, opposition leader Alexei Navalny was similarly poisoned with novichok while travelling from Tomsk to Moscow.

          For its part, Ukraine’s political leadership has always made a point of its defence of international norms and the rules-based order. But this assassination – and Kyiv’s willingness to accept responsibility for it – suggests it can create its own messages of defiance.



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