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    The big gamble on tax cuts for the rich that could railroad the economy off the tracks

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    Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

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    Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

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        Alex Salmond calls on SNP and Scottish Greens to create ‘independence convention’

        Alex Salmond calls on SNP and Scottish Greens to create ‘independence convention’

        As sex pest SNP MP seeks re-selection Humza Yousaf says he'll campaign "with whoever the candidates are"

        As sex pest SNP MP seeks re-selection Humza Yousaf says he'll campaign "with whoever the candidates are"

        Who is new SNP leader Humza Yousaf?

        Who is new SNP leader Humza Yousaf?

        The big gamble on tax cuts for the rich that could railroad the economy off the tracks

        The big gamble on tax cuts for the rich that could railroad the economy off the tracks

        Boris Johnson takes swipe at Nicola Sturgeon and indyref2 during final speech as Prime Minister

        Boris Johnson takes swipe at Nicola Sturgeon and indyref2 during final speech as Prime Minister

        Who does Larry the Downing Street cat belong to?

        Who does Larry the Downing Street cat belong to?

        Labour will not strike deal with SNP to take Boris Johnson down, says senior MP

        Labour will not strike deal with SNP to take Boris Johnson down, says senior MP

        Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

        Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

        Scottish independence: Who could lead pro-UK group during next referendum campaign?

        Scottish independence: Who could lead pro-UK group during next referendum campaign?

        Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

        Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

        Council leaders ‘deeply disappointed’ with Nicola Sturgeon over pay dispute

        Council leaders ‘deeply disappointed’ with Nicola Sturgeon over pay dispute

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          What is a virtual office and why you need one in Central London – Your Company Formations Ltd

          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

          Sunak told more help on cost-of-living crisis is ‘absolutely imperative’

          Sunak told more help on cost-of-living crisis is ‘absolutely imperative’

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          Rangers and SPFL feud could trigger ‘nuclear option’ as Scottish Premiership clubs prepare for crisis talks

          Rangers and SPFL feud could trigger ‘nuclear option’ as Scottish Premiership clubs prepare for crisis talks

          Stephen Odey Rangers transfer latest as Randers set out stall on price for Nigeria striker

          Stephen Odey Rangers transfer latest as Randers set out stall on price for Nigeria striker

          Ange Postecoglou tipped for new Celtic transfer gold amid Champions League millions

          Ange Postecoglou tipped for new Celtic transfer gold amid Champions League millions

          Stephen Kelly reveals Rangers future silence as he admits ‘I haven’t heard a thing’

          Stephen Kelly reveals Rangers future silence as he admits ‘I haven’t heard a thing’

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            All the school and college staff disciplined and struck off so far in 2023

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            The beautiful message a head teacher sent staff and pupils to recognise how hard things have been

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          Big cats eat more monkeys in a damaged tropical forest – and this could threaten their survival

          November 17, 2023
          in World
          Reading Time:6min read
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          Monkeys are not usually a popular menu item for big cats. Primates are, after all, hard to catch: living in the canopies of large trees and rarely coming down to the ground. Jaguar and puma have varied diets and will normally hunt the species that are most common where they live, such as deer, peccary (a type of wild pig) and armadillo.

          But jaguar and puma living in southern Mexican forests with a high human footprint (where wood and other resources are regularly harvested and there are large clearings for farms or expanding settlements) seem to be changing their feeding preferences to include more monkeys, according to new research.

          Other studies have already found that when there is less of their usual prey around, big cats turn to alternatives. The changes in jaguar and puma diets that my colleagues and I recorded may indicate that the populations of these normal prey are shrinking, or that something in the environment has changed to make catching and eating primates easier.

          This change in the diet of large cats could make the disappearance of primate populations in the tropical forests of southern Mexico more likely. This would, in turn, make the disappearance of large cats themselves more likely due to a lack of food, threatening the stability of an entire ecosystem.

          On the trail of big cats

          When forests are cut down or altered by loggers and hunters, primates are particularly affected, as many species depend on tall trees for food, shelter and to chart paths through the forest. Globally, more than 60% of primate species are threatened with extinction.

          These changes to forests have also put large predators at risk. Understanding what is happening in these areas can inform more effective conservation measures, which may prevent species from disappearing.

          The Uxpanapa valley in southeastern Mexico is one of the last relicts of tall evergreen forest in the country, and is classified as one of the most biodiverse areas in both Mexico and the world. It is home to jaguar, puma and many other species, including two endangered primates: howler and spider monkeys.

          A black monkey in a tropical forest canopy.
          Howler monkeys are native to South and Central American forests.
          David Havel/Shutterstock

          I led a research team that studied the distribution of primates in the Uxpanapa Valley for the first time. We recorded the number of primates and where they were found, as well as the type of forest they preferred.

          Another team looked for large cats with the help of a dog which could detect their faeces, otherwise known as scat. Scat was collected to obtain DNA and determine the species that left it, whether it had any parasites, and what its diet was like. The team found out what prey these large cats were eating by using microscopes to study the hairs left in each scat. Special identification guides can link each kind of animal to its hair – each has a particular colour, pattern and shape.

          Large carnivores maintain biodiversity and the functioning of an ecosystem by controlling populations of certain species – for example, herbivores that might otherwise harm trees or prevent forests regrowing. The presence of such predators can indicate an ecosystem’s health. Knowing what top predators are eating can tell us even more about how an ecosystem is functioning.

          What we found

          When we combined the data and information we collected, we began to understand that something out of the ordinary was happening.

          Primates were the most frequent prey found in jaguar and puma scats, making up nearly 35% of the remains. Primate remains were also more likely to be found in scats collected from areas with less forest. Spider monkey remains, for example, were more likely to be found in scats collected in areas with more villages, and in forest that was regrowing after being disturbed.

          A possible explanation is that where there are more villages, it is likely that there is more hunting and tree-cutting taking place. Where there is more hunting, the prey that jaguar and puma usually prefer might not be as plentiful. And regrowing forests do not offer primates the same protection as tall, untouched forests. These two factors may explain why large cats are eating spider monkeys more often here.

          Jaguar and puma will usually eat the prey that is more abundant. If their preferred prey is scarce, they will hunt the species they encounter most. Similar to what we observed with spider monkeys, in areas where there was less tall forest, howler monkey remains were more likely than non-primate prey to be found in the scats, possibly as big cats found it easier to reach primates.

          A pile of logs in a deforested Mexican plain.
          Logging robs monkeys of hiding places from predators.
          Eduardo Cota/Shutterstock

          Less tree cover and overhunting of other prey (combined with general habitat loss) could explain the high rates of primate predation we discovered. Nevertheless, we need to continue monitoring these sites to fully understand these changes in large cat diets.

          Our results highlight the importance of maintaining tall forest cover to ensure primates and other forest-dependent species can survive. They also raise the urgent need for conservation, before the negative effects of human activities on both primate and large cat populations become irreversible, and the ecosystems they live in are lost.



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