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    Labour will not strike deal with SNP to take Boris Johnson down, says senior MP

    Labour will not strike deal with SNP to take Boris Johnson down, says senior MP

    Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

    Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

    Scottish independence: Who could lead pro-UK group during next referendum campaign?

    Scottish independence: Who could lead pro-UK group during next referendum campaign?

    Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

    Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

    Council leaders ‘deeply disappointed’ with Nicola Sturgeon over pay dispute

    Council leaders ‘deeply disappointed’ with Nicola Sturgeon over pay dispute

    Boris Johnson wins confidence vote as Tory MPs fail to oust Prime Minister

    Boris Johnson wins confidence vote as Tory MPs fail to oust Prime Minister

    Scots Tory MP ‘utterly appalled’ at Boris Johnson but stops short of calling for him to resign

    Scots Tory MP ‘utterly appalled’ at Boris Johnson but stops short of calling for him to resign

    SNP MP Kirsty Blackman claims Scotland is paying for the UK through oil and gas windfall tax

    SNP MP Kirsty Blackman claims Scotland is paying for the UK through oil and gas windfall tax

    Boris Johnson is a gift to the SNP and a threat to the United Kingdom – Paul Hutcheon

    Boris Johnson is a gift to the SNP and a threat to the United Kingdom – Paul Hutcheon

    SNP Government accused of failing to rule out 12% rise in water charges

    SNP Government accused of failing to rule out 12% rise in water charges

    SNP and Greens in Edinburgh council coalition talks as historic deal looms

    SNP and Greens in Edinburgh council coalition talks as historic deal looms

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      Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

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      Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

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      Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

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      Stephen Odey Rangers transfer latest as Randers set out stall on price for Nigeria striker

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      Ange Postecoglou tipped for new Celtic transfer gold amid Champions League millions

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      Magene MG70 Electromagnetic Indoor cycling bike (1)

      Magene MG70 Electromagnetic Indoor cycling bike

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      Calvin Ramsay to Liverpool transfer edges closer as Aberdeen star prepares for Anfield medical

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      Carl Starfelt Celtic injury latest as return timeline sparks doubts over Premiership kick off fitness

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      Ylber Ramadani offered Aberdeen transfer advice from Sergio Porrini as Jim Goodwin nears first summer signing

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      Alfredo Morelos posts Rangers champions claim Celtic fans simply aren’t having

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      Gio van Bronckhorst wants Rangers contract answers as he hits back at ‘end of cycle’ claims

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        Save £5 when you spend £25 at Sports Direct with your Daily Record with this great offer inside Monday and Tuesday's paper

        Save £5 when you spend £25 at Sports Direct with your Daily Record with this great offer inside Monday and Tuesday's paper

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        The beautiful message a head teacher sent staff and pupils to recognise how hard things have been

        The beautiful message a head teacher sent staff and pupils to recognise how hard things have been

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        Wales’ green, yellow, amber and red school colour codes expected to be scrapped

        Exam board says grades ‘will be more generous’ amid A level paper complaints

        Exam board says grades ‘will be more generous’ amid A level paper complaints

        The huge amount of school that children in Wales have missed this year as tens of thousands miss lessons

        The huge amount of school that children in Wales have missed this year as tens of thousands miss lessons

        Did the Queen go to school and what did she study?

        Did the Queen go to school and what did she study?

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        Who does Larry the Downing Street cat belong to?

        Who does Larry the Downing Street cat belong to?

        Labour will not strike deal with SNP to take Boris Johnson down, says senior MP

        Labour will not strike deal with SNP to take Boris Johnson down, says senior MP

        Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

        Jacob Rees-Mogg boasts his banker pals are ‘jogging along’ as inflation causes misery for millions

        Scottish independence: Who could lead pro-UK group during next referendum campaign?

        Scottish independence: Who could lead pro-UK group during next referendum campaign?

        Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

        Scottish independence debate is futile without legal certainty on a referendum – Paul Hutcheon

        Council leaders ‘deeply disappointed’ with Nicola Sturgeon over pay dispute

        Council leaders ‘deeply disappointed’ with Nicola Sturgeon over pay dispute

        Boris Johnson wins confidence vote as Tory MPs fail to oust Prime Minister

        Boris Johnson wins confidence vote as Tory MPs fail to oust Prime Minister

        Scots Tory MP ‘utterly appalled’ at Boris Johnson but stops short of calling for him to resign

        Scots Tory MP ‘utterly appalled’ at Boris Johnson but stops short of calling for him to resign

        SNP MP Kirsty Blackman claims Scotland is paying for the UK through oil and gas windfall tax

        SNP MP Kirsty Blackman claims Scotland is paying for the UK through oil and gas windfall tax

        Boris Johnson is a gift to the SNP and a threat to the United Kingdom – Paul Hutcheon

        Boris Johnson is a gift to the SNP and a threat to the United Kingdom – Paul Hutcheon

        SNP Government accused of failing to rule out 12% rise in water charges

        SNP Government accused of failing to rule out 12% rise in water charges

        SNP and Greens in Edinburgh council coalition talks as historic deal looms

        SNP and Greens in Edinburgh council coalition talks as historic deal looms

        Trending Tags

        • Business
          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Inflation rises again to new 40-year high

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Bank of England hikes interest rates to 1.25%

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Hiring activity in Scotland slows amid steep decline in staff availability

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

          Scottish retail footfall growth ‘worst in UK compared to pre-pandemic’

          Sunak told more help on cost-of-living crisis is ‘absolutely imperative’

          Sunak told more help on cost-of-living crisis is ‘absolutely imperative’

          Knowing The Debt Collection Practices

        • Sports
          Jim Goodwin makes Connor Ronan Aberdeen transfer confession and offers Bojan Miovski update

          Jim Goodwin makes Connor Ronan Aberdeen transfer confession and offers Bojan Miovski update

          How to choose a spin bike (3)

          How to choose a spin bike?

          Rangers and SPFL feud could trigger ‘nuclear option’ as Scottish Premiership clubs prepare for crisis talks

          Rangers and SPFL feud could trigger ‘nuclear option’ as Scottish Premiership clubs prepare for crisis talks

          Stephen Odey Rangers transfer latest as Randers set out stall on price for Nigeria striker

          Stephen Odey Rangers transfer latest as Randers set out stall on price for Nigeria striker

          Ange Postecoglou tipped for new Celtic transfer gold amid Champions League millions

          Ange Postecoglou tipped for new Celtic transfer gold amid Champions League millions

          Stephen Kelly reveals Rangers future silence as he admits ‘I haven’t heard a thing’

          Stephen Kelly reveals Rangers future silence as he admits ‘I haven’t heard a thing’

          Magene MG70 Electromagnetic Indoor cycling bike (1)

          Magene MG70 Electromagnetic Indoor cycling bike

          Calvin Ramsay to Liverpool transfer edges closer as Aberdeen star prepares for Anfield medical

          Calvin Ramsay to Liverpool transfer edges closer as Aberdeen star prepares for Anfield medical

          Carl Starfelt Celtic injury latest as return timeline sparks doubts over Premiership kick off fitness

          Carl Starfelt Celtic injury latest as return timeline sparks doubts over Premiership kick off fitness

          Ylber Ramadani offered Aberdeen transfer advice from Sergio Porrini as Jim Goodwin nears first summer signing

          Ylber Ramadani offered Aberdeen transfer advice from Sergio Porrini as Jim Goodwin nears first summer signing

          Alfredo Morelos posts Rangers champions claim Celtic fans simply aren’t having

          Alfredo Morelos posts Rangers champions claim Celtic fans simply aren’t having

          Gio van Bronckhorst wants Rangers contract answers as he hits back at ‘end of cycle’ claims

          Gio van Bronckhorst wants Rangers contract answers as he hits back at ‘end of cycle’ claims

          Trending Tags

          • Technology
            Boss of Dundee app Snappy Shopper warns local shops face wipeout by ‘dark stores’

            Boss of Dundee app Snappy Shopper warns local shops face wipeout by ‘dark stores’

            Nine red flag signs a phone could be hacked – from overheating to mystery calls

            Nine red flag signs a phone could be hacked – from overheating to mystery calls

            WhatsApp makes huge change to group chats for users from today

            WhatsApp makes huge change to group chats for users from today

            Email scam warning issued as fraudsters impersonate government and make enticing offer

            Email scam warning issued as fraudsters impersonate government and make enticing offer

            Apple warning as tech giant says replacement batteries could lead to safety issues

            Apple warning as tech giant says replacement batteries could lead to safety issues

          • Health
            Weight loss coach shares Asda's low-calorie ready meals that helped him drop 18 stone

            Weight loss coach shares Asda's low-calorie ready meals that helped him drop 18 stone

            ‘Brave’ nine-year-old motocross star set to lose leg in heartbreaking cancer battle

            ‘Brave’ nine-year-old motocross star set to lose leg in heartbreaking cancer battle

            Armband VS chest strap heart rate monitor, which is better

            Armband VS chest strap heart rate monitor, which is better?

            Parents warned against giving water to breastfed babies even in heatwave

            Parents warned against giving water to breastfed babies even in heatwave

            Sex can help men live longer – and has important health benefits for woman too

            Sex can help men live longer – and has important health benefits for woman too

          • Entertainment
            Save £5 when you spend £25 at Sports Direct with your Daily Record with this great offer inside Monday and Tuesday's paper

            Save £5 when you spend £25 at Sports Direct with your Daily Record with this great offer inside Monday and Tuesday's paper

            Typhoid could be latest medical risk to UK as strains build tolerance to antibiotics

            Typhoid could be latest medical risk to UK as strains build tolerance to antibiotics

            Safe sex advice in new monkeypox guidance from experts amid UK outbreak

            Safe sex advice in new monkeypox guidance from experts amid UK outbreak

            Parkinson’s early sign could appear in sleep as experts warn to be on look out

            Parkinson’s early sign could appear in sleep as experts warn to be on look out

            Struggling UK chippies to ask Norway for more fish to ‘keep prices under control’

            Struggling UK chippies to ask Norway for more fish to ‘keep prices under control’

          • Life Style
          • Travel
          • Education
            The beautiful message a head teacher sent staff and pupils to recognise how hard things have been

            The beautiful message a head teacher sent staff and pupils to recognise how hard things have been

            Wales’ green, yellow, amber and red school colour codes expected to be scrapped

            Wales’ green, yellow, amber and red school colour codes expected to be scrapped

            Exam board says grades ‘will be more generous’ amid A level paper complaints

            Exam board says grades ‘will be more generous’ amid A level paper complaints

            The huge amount of school that children in Wales have missed this year as tens of thousands miss lessons

            The huge amount of school that children in Wales have missed this year as tens of thousands miss lessons

            Did the Queen go to school and what did she study?

            Did the Queen go to school and what did she study?

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          Face masks affect how children understand speech differently from adults – new research

          July 19, 2022
          in World
          Reading Time:5min read
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          While mask-wearing is no longer required in many locations, it remains in use as a way to limit the spread of COVID-19. One of the criticisms of masks has been that they make communication more difficult. A recent report by the UK Department for Education, for example, suggests that mask wearing during the pandemic caused communication difficulties in classrooms.

          However, our new research shows that for people without hearing and language difficulties, the effects of face masks on the understanding of speech are in fact mild.

          Although face masks slow down our understanding of speech, they rarely lead to misunderstandings. Masks also do not affect our understanding in all situations. They generally only have an effect when the topic of the conversation is unpredictable.

          26 children (aged eight to 12) and 26 adults without hearing or language difficulties took part in our study. We showed them videos of a person speaking while wearing a cloth face mask and asked them to repeat back the last word of each sentence they had heard. This allowed us to measure how quickly and how accurately people understand face-masked speech.

          As well as testing our participants’ understanding of masked versus non-masked speech, we also manipulated the video in order to test the audio and visual effects of the mask separately. This meant that, for instance, the video showed a non-masked speaker but played audio recorded with the mask on.

          We found that children process masked speech up to 8% less accurately and 8% more slowly than normal speech, while adults process masked speech up to 6.5% less accurately and 18% more slowly.

          In general, adults responded to speech faster than children in the study – about 23% faster (148 milliseconds) when listening to face mask speech and 29% faster (176 milliseconds) when listening to normal speech. Adults’ highly efficient processing of normal speech could be one reason why the effect of face masks on their speed is more pronounced.

          The impact of face masks

          Face masks change our use of language in two ways. They change what a speaker sounds like and may give the impression that their speech is muffled. Most masks also block the view of the speaker’s lips.

          Surprisingly, our research shows that the way masks change the sound when we speak affects children more than the visual obstruction of the speaker’s lips. The reason for this could be that children are not as good at combining visual information with sound as adults are when hearing and seeing a speaker. As a result, seeing the speaker’s lip movements while hearing masked speech does not improve how accurately they understand what is being said.

          This is different from adults, who find masked speech more difficult to understand because of the unique combination of visual blocking and sound changes. We found that acoustically muffled masked speech does not affect adults’ understanding when they can see the speaker’s lip movements. Similarly, concealing the talker’s mouth does not have an effect when the speech sound is clear. However, most masks conceal the mouth and change the speech sound at the same time.

          What we’re talking about matters

          Interestingly, the topic of conversation matters. Face masks affect our understanding less when we can anticipate what our conversation partner is going to say.

          Two people wearing masks sat on park bench
          The combination of blocked visuals and muffled sound affects how adults understand masked speech.
          Irene Castro Moreno/Shutterstock

          This is because knowing the conversation context helps us to understand language quickly and effortlessly. For example, in the sentence “For your birthday I baked this cake”, the words “birthday” and “baked” are related in meaning to the last word “cake” and often occur together. Our brains can use this information to predict what a speaker is going to say.

          Our study shows that giving this type of contextual information reduces the difficulties in understanding masked speech. When given high contextual information, both children and adults process masked speech only 1% less accurately than normal speech. This explains why communicating with masks causes difficulties in some situations but not others.

          While there have been fears that masks would affect children’s learning, in the classroom teachers use many techniques that increase contextual information. They design lessons in a way that builds upon students’ existing knowledge and use images, keywords and written text. All of these techniques support children’s understanding of what is being said and help them to compensate for face mask effects.

          Listeners also use other clues that reduce mask effects. For example, most masks do not cover the upper part of the face. This is good news because seeing the speaker’s eyes and upper face helps us to understand masked speech better. As a result, our comprehension of language is remarkably robust.

          However, participants in our study did not have any hearing or speech difficulties, and only listened to an adult speaker in quiet conditions. We don’t know how mask wearing has affected children’s communication with their peers, or its impact on other aspects of their learning and wellbeing.



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